Freie Universität Berlin

History

The Free University of Berlin was established in West Berlin by faculty members and students on 4 December 1948. With American support, it was founded as the de facto Western continuation of the University of Berlin (before 1945 named the Friedrich Wilhelm University), which had reopened in 1946 in the Soviet sector of Berlin. In 1949, the University of Berlin, on its original site in East Berlin, was renamed the Humboldt University.

Foundation (1948–2000)

In January 1946, the formerly named Friedrich Wilhelm University, located in the Soviet sector of Berlin, was granted permission by the Soviet Military Administration in Germany (SMAD) to reopen as the University of Berlin. The university came under increased communist influence and repression, as it became a battlefield for the political disputes of the postwar period. This led to protests by students critical of the prevailing system. Between 1945 and 1948, more than 18 students were brutally beaten and arrested or persecuted, and some were even executed by the Soviet secret police (NKVD).

At the end of 1947, students demanded a university free from political influence. The climax of the protests was reached on 23 April 1948: after three students were expelled from the university without a trial, about 2,000 students protested at the Hotel Esplanade. By the end of April, the governor of the United States Army, Lucius D. Clay, issued the order to legally examine the formation of a new university in the western sectors of Berlin. On 19 June 1948, the "preparatory committee for establishing a free university" consisting of politicians, professors, administrative staff members, and students, met. With a manifesto titled "Request for establishing a free university in Berlin", the committee appealed to the public for support.

The municipal authorities of Berlin granted the foundation of a free university and requested the opening for the coming 1948/49 winter semester. Meanwhile, the students' committee in the German Democratic Republic protested against the formation; the GDR described the new university as the "so-called free university" in official documents until the fall of the Berlin Wall.

The Berlin City Deputies Assembly (Stadtverordnetenversammlung) accepted the by-law on 4 November 1948. The by-law achieved prominence under its alias "the Berlin model":

The university was founded as a statutory corporation (Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts) and was not directly subject to the state, as it was controlled by a supervisory board consisting of six representatives of the state of Berlin, three representatives of the university, and students. This form was unique in Germany at that time, as the students had much more influence on the system than before. Until the 1970s, the involvement of the students in the committees was slowly cut back while adapting to the model of the Western German universities in order to be fully recognized as an equivalent university.

Since 2000

Since 2003, the FU Berlin has been regrouping its research capacities into interdisciplinary research focus areas called clusters.

Due to financial cutbacks and restructuring of medical schools in the same year, the medical institutions of the Free and Humboldt Universities of Berlin merged to create a joint department, the Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin.

The year 2007 was another crucial year for the Free University of Berlin as it was the university with the most approved funding applications in the German Universities Excellence Initiative, and it is now one of nine elite German universities to receive funding for its future development strategy. In the same year, the Free University of Berlin dedicated a monument to the founding students who were murdered during the protests. The university presents its Freedom Award to personalities who have made a special contribution toward the cause of freedom. The university received a total of 108 million euros from the Excellence Initiative for its approved projects between 2007 and 2012.

Based on its founding tradition, the Free University of Berlin seal to this day bears the Latin terms for Truth, Justice, and Liberty. The designer of the seal was art historian and former president of the Free University of Berlin, Edwin Redslob.

Campuses

The main campus of the Free University is located in Dahlem, a neighbourhood in the district of Steglitz-Zehlendorf, in southwest Berlin. Additional institutes and subsidiary sites are situated in the Lichterfelde West and Düppel areas, as well as in the neighbourhoods of Steglitz and Lankwitz. Since its foundation, the main campus has been distinguished for modernist buildings designed by internationally renowned architects.

Campus Dahlem

Most of the facilities of the Free University are located in the residential garden district of Dahlem in southwestern Berlin.

Around the beginning of the 20th century, Dahlem was established as a center for research of the highest caliber. Academic activity in Dahlem was supported by Friedrich Althoff, Ministerial Director in the Prussian Ministry of Culture, who initially proposed the foundation of a "German Oxford."

The first new buildings housed government science agencies and new research institutes of the University of Berlin. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society – forerunner of the present-day Max Planck Society – was founded in 1911 and established several institutes in Dahlem.

A dynamic group of researchers carried out pioneering research resulting in numerous Nobel Prizes. Since its foundation, the Free University of Berlin has been using buildings formerly belonging to the Kaiser Wilhelm Society and, in addition, has added numerous architecturally innovative buildings.

The Free University of Berlin's central campus at Dahlem consists of various building ensembles within a radius of about a 1.5 km. Previously, the university's facilities were located in several older institutional buildings and former private residences around the neighborhood, including the Otto Hahn Building, which still houses the Department of Biochemistry. The new plan was originally modelled on the Anglo-American university campus, a novelty in post-war Germany, where the prevailing tradition had been a focus on monumental buildings in a city centre. The main campus acquired its spatial focal point during the 1950s with the construction of new building complexes set amidst several green spaces. The first independent structure to be completed on campus (1954) was the Henry Ford building (Henry-Ford-Bau), funded by the Ford Foundation and based on designs by Gustav Müller and Franz-Heinrich Sobotka. The Henry Ford Building houses the Auditorium Maximum, additional large lecture halls, seminar rooms, and the meeting hall of the Academic Senate. Neighboring "Gründerzeit"-era villas, research buildings, and institutes belonging to the former Kaiser Wilhelm Society were also incorporated into the complex. Today, numerous departments and offices are located in southern Dahlem, including economics, social sciences and law, as well as the Otto Suhr Institute of Political Science, the Institute for East European Studies, pharmacology, biochemistry, the central university administration, and the Office of the President. The latter two occupy the building that formerly served as the Allied Kommandatura. Further donations from the United States enabled the Free University to construct several new central building complexes, including the Benjamin Franklin university clinic complex (see below).

Geocampus Lankwitz

An auxiliary site known as the "Geocampus" is situated in Lankwitz. Formerly the site of a teacher training college, it has been part of the Free University since 1980. It houses the Institute of Geographical Sciences, the Institute of Geological Sciences, and the administrative buildings of the Department of Earth Sciences. Also located in Lankwitz is the University Archives, which, among its other functions, manages the FU-Lexikon.

Campus Düppel

The campus at Düppel is on the site of the former Düppel manor estate. About 2km southwest of the main Dahlem Campus, it houses the facilities of the Department of Veterinary Medicine, including a veterinary clinic, a separate equine clinic, and an institute of poultry diseases.

Campus Benjamin Franklin

Since the formation of the FU in 1948, it has used public hospitals as part of the medical faculty. Between 1959 and 1969, the "Steglitz Clinic", located in Lichterfelde West, about 3 km southeast of Dahlem, was built with financial support from the United States. The medical centre became one of the largest European medical establishments, unifying all institutes, clinics and lecture halls. In recognition of the support by the United States, the clinic was renamed the Charité Campus Benjamin Franklin. By 1994, it consisted of 36 scientific institutes and 1,200 hospital beds. As a result of a merger in 2003, it became part of the Charité medical school.

Academic environment

Today, the district of Dahlem is a hotspot for research and culture: Beside several institutes of the Max Planck Society (amongst others: The Max Planck Institute for Human Development (MPIB), the MPI for the History of Science, the MPI for Molecular Genetics, the Fritz Haber Institute (FHI) working in the fields of molecular physics and physical chemistry and the archive of the MPG), the campus is home to the Zuse Institute Berlin as well as some federal institutions like the Federal Institute for Materials Research (BAM) and the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR).

The Berlin Geography Society, founded in 1828, the Berlin University for Professional Studies, and the German Archeological Institute (DAI) are also located on the campus. In addition, Dahlem is an important location for the Berlin State Museums group, housing the Ethnological Museum of Berlin and the Museum of Asian Art.

Student Village

During the 1960s, a student village with 27 buildings was constructed near Schlachtensee (lake), serving as housing opportunities for students.

Libraries

The Freie Universität Berlin University Library is one of the major academic libraries in Germany. It comprises the central library, several subject libraries, and the university archive. Its holdings cover all academic disciplines represented at the university and include print and electronic resources, databases, journals, and digital research services.

The term "University Library" refers to all libraries of Freie Universität Berlin. The building at Garystr. 39 is the central library, it was formerly known as the University Library.

Library holdings in many subject areas have been consolidated into larger subject libraries, reducing the total number of locations. Notable library buildings include the Philological Library designed by Lord Norman Foster (opened 2005), and the Campus Library (opened 2015).

Holdings are researchable via the Primo Discovery System , which provides access to digital and print materials and external scholarly resources. Digitisation projects continue to integrate additional collections.

The library operates digital research infrastructures, including the institutional repository Refubium for scholarly publications and research data, as well as services for open access, research data management, and digital publishing. It also maintains digital oral history collections and participates in the development of the cross-institutional portal Oral-History.Digital for integrated access to recorded interviews.

Organisation and governance

Administration

The executive board consists of the president (Prof. Dr. Günter M. Ziegler), an executive vice president (Prof. Dr. Klaus Hoffmann-Holland), and three other vice presidents, as well as the Director of Administration and Finance (Dr.-Ing. Andrea Bör).

There are also supporting offices for Public Affairs and the General Counsel for legal affairs.

There are currently eight central service institutions (ZE) of the FU:

Botanical Garden Berlin and Botanical Museum Berlin

Center for Academic Advising, Career and Counselling Services

Center for Continuing Studies

Center for Recreational Sports

Center for the Promotion of Woman's and Gender Studies

Computing Services (ZEDAT)

Language Center

Academic library

The ISQ ("Institut für Schulqualität der Länder Berlin und Brandenburg", Institute for Quality of Schools in Berlin and Brandenburg) is an independent facility on the campus. It consults local schools and the senate to achieve and develop a high standard of school quality in Berlin and Brandenburg and closely cooperates with the Department of Education and Psychology of the FU.

The Collegium Musicum of Free University of Berlin was founded during the first semester in 1948/49. Under conductor Karl Forster, it merged with the ensemble of Technische Universität Berlin in 1954. Today, the Collegium Musicum has around 500 members from all fields of studies who spend their leisure time making music. It currently consists of five ensembles: a big choir, a chamber choir, two symphony orchestras, and a big band. There are frequently events on which the Collegium Musicum plays, for instance on ceremonies.

Structure

With 12 academic departments (Fachbereiche) and three interdisciplinary central institutes, the university can be seen as an universitas litterarum (a traditional university where studies in all basic sciences is possible). Despite the variety of subjects, apart from computer science, studies in the field of engineering can only be done at Technische Universität Berlin or universities of applied science (Fachhochschulen).

Interdisciplinary Central Institutes

John F. Kennedy Institute for North American Studies

Institute for East European Studies

Institute for Latin American Studies

Academics

Admissions

With 33,000 applicants for the undergraduate programs (Bachelor) in 2013, admissions at Free University of Berlin remain highly competitive as the university only offers about 4,300 places each year. Due to the high numbers of applicants, most undergraduate programs at Free University of Berlin have limitations determined through the NC.In some cases (especially Medicine, Psychology and Political Science), the NC every year is as high as 1.0 (see Grades in Germany and Abitur).

Critical applicants which just scored slightly below the NC can be invited to a selective interview or an entry exam, depending on the department/faculty.

Applicants at Charité medical school who do not directly fulfill the NC-criteria have to pass an entry exam, which covers the basic fields of Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry, and Physics in addition to passing a selective interview. Both results are then added to the Abitur grade. The final decision depends on the results of the competitors.

Teaching and learning

Free University of Berlin operates on a semester calendar where the winter term begins on 1 October and ends on 31 March. The exact same model can be found at almost every university in Germany. The time when lectures are being held varies each year, normally beginning around mid-October and ending as early as mid-February.

Free University of Berlin offers a broad spectrum of subjects in over 190 degree programs. A speciality of the FU is the possibility to study a vast number of "small subjects" (e.g. theater and film studies, Egyptology, Byzantine studies, Jewish studies, Turkology, Sinology, Communication studies, Meteorology, Bioinformatics, Biochemistry) with a high level of specialization. Due to the Bologna process, most of the undergraduate programs are now leading to the three-year Bachelor's degree with 180 ECTS. At the Free University of Berlin, Bachelor programs are generally divided into three categories: a regular Bachelor called "Mono-Bachelor", a combined Bachelor ("Kombi-Bachelor") consisting of two fields of study, and a combined Bachelor with a teaching option. Besides the core subject(s), all students are required to complete a series of courses related to general professional skills (ABV).

The old Diplom and Magister artium programs are still running, but do not accept new admissions anymore. In the fields of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy, and Law, students enroll in programs with Staatsexamen. Free University of Berlin also offers a variety of graduate degrees, from the master's degree to doctoral degrees.

Apart from the regular Master's programs, there are a variety of international programs taught in English, especially in the life sciences.

Free University of Berlin does not charge any tuition fees in the classical sense. Since 2003, public universities in Berlin introduced the model of semester contributions (Semesterbeiträge). It consists of an enrollment/re-registration fee, a contribution to the student union (Studentenwerk), a contribution for the student government and the fee for the semester ticket (public transportation pass) for the current semester. The fees for the semester ticket is defined by a contract with the local transportation company, the Verkehrsverbund Berlin-Brandenburg and allows students to move freely in the ABC zones of Berlin. In the winter semester of 2013/14, students are required to pay €285.83 in total.

Research

In terms of external endowments by the DFG, Free University of Berlin ranks third behind the RWTH Aachen University and LMU Munich. Between 2009 and 2013, 289 foreign guest researchers came to the university through fellowships granted by the renowned Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, making the FU the most popular destination for foreign researchers in Germany.

In the field of natural sciences, research focuses on basic research with a strong emphasis on interdisciplinarity, whereas research in the humanities focuses on the current economical, political and cultural development of society (transformation processes, effects of globalization and environmental politics).

In the field of Earth sciences, the FU has contributed to various aeronautical missions, e.g. the Mars Express and the Cassini-Huygens to Saturn.

Excluding the Charité medical school, which is co-administered by the university with the Humboldt University, Free University of Berlin is currently the lead university for eight collaborative research centers of the German Research Foundation and also has five DFG research units. It is part of the Berlin University Alliance.

Ancient World

Art and Aesthetics

Ecosystem Dynamics in Central Asia

Efficient Mathematical modeling

European Languages: Structures – Development – Comparison (ZEUS)

Historical Anthropology

Middle Ages – Renaissance – Early Modern Times

Research on Teaching and Learning

Social and Cultural History of the Middle East

Rankings

The 2024 British QS World University Rankings ranked the university 98th internationally and 4th in Germany. In the 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings, the university is ranked 102nd internationally and 9th in Germany. Owing to an unresolved dispute over the counting of Nobel laureates before the Second World War, as both the Humboldt University and the Free University claim to be successors of the pre-War University of Berlin, neither university has been listed in the 'Shanghai Ranking' or Academic Ranking of World Universities (ARWU) since 2004.

In the 2023 QS Subject Ranking, Free University of Berlin ranks first in Germany in English, modern languages, politics, and sociology. In the 2023 THE Subject Ranking, Free University of Berlin ranks first in Germany in the social sciences. In the 2022 ARWU Subject Ranking, Free University of Berlin ranks first in Germany in human biological sciences and pharmacy, while sharing the first place in biomedical engineering, law, and nursing.

In 2020, the American U.S. News & World Report listed Free University of Berlin as the 111th best in the world, climbing five positions. Being among the 100 best in the world in 18 areas of 28 ranked.

In the German "ExcellenceRanking" of the CHE (Center for Higher Education Development) in 2013, Free University of Berlin ranks top in the fields of Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Political science. In the CHE "SubjectRanking", Freie Universität has been evaluated as one of Germany's best universities in Earth sciences, Computer science and Philosophy and also ranks among the Top 5 in Psychology, English studies and Education.

Global partnerships

Free University of Berlin maintains wide-ranging international contacts with top universities and organizations, which provide key impulses for research and teaching. The Free University of Berlin has established partnerships with leading universities in the United States such as the University of California System (notably UC Berkeley, UCLA and UC Santa Cruz), the University of Chicago, Cornell University, Stanford University (which also has a small campus within the FU), Duke University, Princeton University, Yale University, and Columbia University. In addition to Western European universities such as the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, University College London, the University of Sussex and the École Normale Supérieure in Paris.

The university is a founding member of the global educational center for the study of transnational law, the Centre for Transnational Legal Studies in London.

First contacts with universities in Eastern Europe were made in the 1970s. In the 1990s, links were in particular extended to include growing numbers of institutions in Canada (McGill University, University of Alberta, York University), Eastern Europe, and the Far East (China: Peking University, Fudan University, Nanjing University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Japan: University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, Nagoya University, Waseda University; South Korea: Korea University, Yonsei University, Seoul National University). The newly established Centre for International Cooperation (CIC) concentrates on identifying new strategic partners for international projects.

Today, Free University of Berlin has established over 400 partnerships in five continents, many of them as part of the European ERASMUS program.

Every year, about 600 visiting scientists contribute to the university teaching and research. For the grant programs in Germany, the Free University of Berlin is one of the first choices both for the ERASMUS and Tempus as well as for the Fulbright program and the international programs of the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD).

An International Summer and Winter University (FUBiS) has been set up for international students offering (semi-)intensive German courses and numerous subject courses.

International branch offices

The Free University of Berlin operates foreign branch offices in New York City, Brussels, Moscow, Beijing, Cairo, São Paulo, and New Delhi. The foreign branch offices work to expand upon cooperation partnerships already existing with universities in the country.

In April 2005, the Free University of Berlin, in conjunction with LMU Munich, opened a joint representative office in New York. This German University Alliance, located in German House, the seat of the German Consulate General and the German UN Mission, represents the interests of the two universities in the United States and Canada and works to increase the exchange of students and scientists.

In addition, the Free University of Berlin, as the first German institution of higher education, founded an alumni and fundraising organization, the Friends of the Freie Universität Berlin (FFUB) in New York. Since 2003 this organization has maintained close contact with alumni and scientists of the Free University of Berlin in the U.S. and attempts to gain alumni and friends as sponsors, to strengthen the long-lasting trans-Atlantic relations. Some of the proceeds from these fundraising activities were contributed to the renovation of the Henry Ford Building.

In April 2006 Peking University opened its first branch in Germany. Its objectives include the promotion of knowledge of Chinese culture, the cultivation of Chinese-German cooperation, and the spread of the Chinese language. Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, has a Berlin program (Duke in Berlin) that is held in cooperation with the Free University of Berlin and Humboldt University. The University of California System organizes programs for American students in Berlin and Potsdam. The UC System maintains an office at the Free University of Berlin to attend to the needs of exchange students from the California campuses.

The Office of Global Programs of Columbia University in New York administers the Berlin Consortium for German Studies. Students from Columbia University and the other colleges and universities included in the consortium (University of Chicago, Cornell University, Johns Hopkins University, University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, and Vassar College) can attend classes at the Free University of Berlin for one or two semesters as external students. This temporary enrollment is preceded by a six-week intensive language program.

Notable people

Alumni of the Free University of Berlin include several scientists, philosophers and politicians, amongst them five Nobel Prize winners and 15 Leibniz laureates.